How can Delhi finally end chronic air pollution?

This week, the air quality index (AQI) in India’s capital is hovering at “unhealthy” levels between 200 and 300. The index indicates the measured concentration of pollutants like fine particles in the air at any given time. Still, locals could breathe a sigh of relief because the AQI of over 1,700 was measured in some parts of the city last week. Those values were among the highest levels ever recorded.
The Delhi National Capital region is no different than other Indian cities, with factories, coal-fired power plants, diesel-generators, vehicles, construction and wood fire contributing to poor air quality.
However, seasonal crop burning fires in neighboring states of Punjab and Haryana add to Delhi’s air pollution. The practice of burning hay and stubble helps farmers clear their fields, but also increased risk to the city. New Delhi’s geography in the low-lying Indo-Gangetic plain also puts it at a disadvantage. Unlike Mumbai, which lies by the ocean, Delhi’s stable wind conditions trap pollutants instead of dispersing them. 
Despite this, there is still hope for India’s capital. There is expert consensus that political will to enact policies addressing chronic air pollution can make Delhi breathable again.
Air pollution crosses regional, political, and national boundaries. Managing the airshed, which is defined by the World Bank as a “common geographic area where pollutants mix and create similar air quality for everyone,” becomes crucial.
Delhi’s airshed also includes both Indian and Pakistani Punjab, part of Rajasthan, Chandigarh, and Uttar Pradesh.  
“Airshed management would mean combining the data sets of polluting factors with meteorology conditions for the next three to five days and restricting their operation,” said Sunil Dahiya, founder of Envirocatalysts, a New Delhi-based clean air advocacy group.
“In the long-term, we either have to shift to cleaner fuels or have more efficient pollution control technologies,” he told DW. 
Seasonal agricultural stubble burning is one of the major pollutants across this region in early winter, contributing up to 16% of polluting factors this year. Mitigating air pollution caused by stubble burning would require cross-governmental coordination in this airshed region.
The Delhi capital region and its surrounding area are home to auto, chemical, plastic and other factories which emit pollutants into the air. 
“It is literally a crime to allow any big polluting industry to come up in this region until we shift to cleaner fuel or reduce emissions,” Dahiya said. 
“We are at a stage where we don’t even talk about the absolute emission load coming from different sectors such as transportation, power, industry, waste, and construction. We cannot control meteorology; we have to start reducing the emission load,” he added.
Delhi has a strong metro rail system, but its connectivity still leaves many gaps. Buses also run widely, and the city aspires to electrify 80% of its bus fleet, and many rickshaws have switched from the use of diesel to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Locals already heavily use these modes of transport. Even so, this has not been effective in reducing the number of private vehicles on the roads. Economic inequality can only partly explain the reasons behind this. 
With a population of 33,807,000 as of 2023, according to government data, new residential buildings and high rises are continually being built, especially in suburbs and surrounding areas.  
“We need to come up with integrating different transport modes and making it affordable for everyone. If people start shifting from private to public modes of transport, the existing systems will not be able to handle the crowds. We need to invest heavily in upgrading the pre-existing public transport systems,” Dahiya said. 
“We need to provide better infrastructure for people to walk and cycle on,” he added. Most parts of Delhi have no cycle tracks or usable pedestrian sidewalks. 
An expanding city with a rapidly increasing population means extra waste generation.
Delhi generates 11,342 tons of waste daily, according to an estimate by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). But only a part of it gets processed or recycled. This leaves the rest of the city’s waste rotting in landfills, contributing further to environmental pollution. 
“There are certain pockets which segregate their waste and even compost on site, but this needs to happen at a larger scale,” says Dahiya 
Measures to improve Delhi’s air quality are often caught in a tussle between the central and state governments, with both sides pushing blame for the chronic pollution. This can complicate building political will to coordinate policy between stakeholders.
The problem extends to accurately measuring air quality. India’s measurement scales are considered to be more lenient than WHO standards. 
“Local governments often face challenges in reporting air quality data comprehensively, sometimes due to concerns about reputational risks or funding implications,” said Ashish Sharma, air quality program manager at the WRI India Ross Center for Sustainable Cities.
He told DW that transparent and precise data collection is “essential for driving actionable solutions and engaging the public effectively,” he added.
“While metro cities like Delhi have relatively strong monitoring systems, smaller cities in northern India urgently need more attention. Many monitoring stations are either dysfunctional or lack quality control, which undermines efforts to draw meaningful insights” to meet air quality standards.
Recently, China’s capital Beijing and Delhi both featured among the most polluted cities in the world.
Delhi remains at the top of this list, but Beijing has managed to drastically reduce its pollution levels with stronger budget allocation and a push towards renewable energy. 
Tackling emissions control, urban planning, political cooperation might seem like a daunting task. But Delhi has several examples of cities it can take inspiration from. 
“Around the 1950s, cities like London and Los Angeles were grappling with severe air pollution crises that mirrored what Delhi is experiencing today. What enabled these cities to make significant progress?” Sharma asked.
“It wasn’t one quick fix, but a series of stringent policies, technological innovations, and long-term strategies. London shifted away from coal-based energy production and reduced emissions from high-pollution industries. In Los Angeles, the focus was on overhauling transportation,” he added.
Edited by: Wesley Rahn